مجلة علمية دورية متخصصة في مجالات علوم الرياضة تشرف عليها هيئة تحرير مؤلفة من أعضاء ذوي القاب علمية متقدمة لهيئات التدريسي في عدد من كليات التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة في العراق والوطن العربي , وتهدف المجلة الى نشر بحوث علمية في مجالات علوم الرياضة تخضع للتقويم العلمي الرصين من قبل خبراء مختصين محليين وعرب .
جامعة ديالى -كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة
The effect of rehabilitation exercises with colored rubber ropes to rehabilitate shoulder joint muscle injuries for badminton players
The importance of the research came in preparing rehabilitation exercises for the muscles of the shoulder joint using colored rubber rope exercises. The researcher believes that the problem lies in the rehabilitation programs that suffer from a lack of reliance on exercises, devices and different weights, as well as on angles to determine the degree of pain, which is considered one of the most important basic factors in the speed of the rehabilitation and symmetry process. For healing, therefore, the researcher decided to prepare rehabilitation exercises for injuries to the muscles of the shoulder joint using colored rubber ropes, trying to benefit from them to rehabilitate these injuries and return the injured to practicing sports activity in the shortest possible period. The research aims to: 1- Preparing rehabilitation exercises with colored rubber ropes to rehabilitate shoulder joint muscle injuries for badminton players. 2- Identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises with colored rubber ropes to rehabilitate shoulder joint muscle injuries for badminton players. The one-group experimental approach was used, and the number of injured badminton players in Wasit Governorate for the 2023 season reached (4). The researcher concluded that the proposed rehabilitation exercises have a positive effect by restoring the normal range of motion on the muscle groups working on a joint, and recommends the necessity of using therapeutic methods and methods. Assistance in rehabilitating muscle injuries by implementing rehabilitative exercises that are appropriate to the level of the injury.
rehabilitation exercises, shoulder joint muscles.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 مجلة علوم الرياضة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Standardizing Tests for Some Basic Futsal Skills for Primary School Team Players Aged (10-12) Years
The research aims at identifying some basic futsal skills for selecting players for primary school teams aged (10-12) years, and to standardize a set of tests for some basic futsal skills for selecting primary school teams aged (10-12) years. The researchers used the descriptive method with survey and correlational studies, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population is decided of (252) primary school team players from (28) schools participating in the primary school futsal championships in the Khanaqin district, which were opened by the Directorate of Sports Activity for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample, consisting of (218) players from (24) schools, is selected randomly, taking into consideration geographical distribution. (20) players have been selected for the major study.(35) players are excluded due to their non-compliance with the test days at the schools, representing (86.51%) of the original research community. The data were statistically processed using the SPSS statistical package. The researchers were able to find the standard scores and levels for the basic futsal skills tests for the ages (10-12) years. Most of the research sample is at the average and high standard level. The researchers recommended the necessity of relying on the tests in the process of selecting players for primary school teams at the ages of (10-12) years, adopting the scores and standard levels extracted from this study in the process of evaluating the performance of players in the basic futsal skills. It is recommended to conduct similar studies on the rest of the other team sports for all age groups and both genders.
Standardization Set of Tests, Selection Research Summary
Negotiation Management and Its Relationship with Organizational Performance among Employees in Specialized Sports Institutions in Track and Field Sports
This research aims at identifying the level of negotiation management among staff members at Diyala University, to identify the level of organizational performance among the research sample, and to identify the correlation between negotiation management and organizational performance among athletics staff at Diyala University. The researcher used the descriptive method as it is the most appropriate approach for addressing the research problem. The research population was deliberately selected and included 57 individuals working in athletics at the University of Diyala (players, coaches, instructors, and administrators) for the academic year 2025–2026. The research sample was chosen randomly by lot and consisted of 25 participants, representing 44.64% of the total population. The researcher concluds that the level of negotiation management among the research sample (administrators and coaches) in the athletics team at Diyala University is relatively high, indicating that a good understanding of the importance of negotiation as a fundamental leadership and organizational skill in university sports. It is concluded that the level of organizational performance came to be high level too, indicating that the work system within the team is characterized by a high degree of organization, strategic planning, and systematic distribution of tasks. In light of the comparison between the two research variables, it is found that the relationship between negotiation management and organizational performance is a positive correlation with statistical significance. The researcher recommends including negotiation management skills in sports leadership preparation programs within faculties of physical education and administrative sciences due to its role in developing leadership styles and enhancing organizational performance in university sports environments. The researcher also recommends holding periodic training workshops for coaches and administrators on negotiation and organizational communication skills, which contributes to improving their ability to deal with complex situations and make important decisions that achieve the institution's goals. Furthermore, the researcher also encourages future applied research to study the relationship between negotiation management and other dimensions of organizational performance, such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and transformational leadership, especially in sports clubs and national federations.
Negotiation Management, Organizational Performance, Track and Field Team
Socio-Ethical Environment and its Relationship to Psychological Reinforcement among Players in the Professional Futsal League of Baghdad Clubs
The socio-ethical environment is the internal working structure of a player and is a crucial factor in many situations they encounter, both on and off the field. Players in this league are characterized by skill and speed, requiring them to maintain composure and appropriate behavior. This is linked to the player's psychological reinforcement, which helps them enhance and refine their skills. The psychological aspect prevents him from acting negatively on the field. The importance of this research lies in identifying the relationship between the socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement. The research problem stems from the observation that coaches focus on physical, technical, and tactical aspects while neglecting the social environment of the sports team, which is a significant factor influencing the psychological and behavioral development of players in team sports such as futsal. The research aims at identifying the level of socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement, and the relationship between these two among the research sample. The research hypothesis is that there are statistically significant differences between the levels of socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement among the research sample. The research scope includes a group of professional futsal league players for the 2024/2025 season, professional futsal league stadiums, and the period from April 20, 2025, to June 1, 2025. The researchers used a descriptive methodology, and the sample included some professional futsal league clubs in Baghdad. The study involved assessing the socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement of futsal players. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for statistical analysis basing on these results, the researchers conclude that there is a significant correlation between socio-ethical environment and psychological reinforcement among futsal players.
socio-ethical environment, psychological reinforcement, futsal
Predictive Value of Skill Performance Model Based on Body Type and Physical Abilities among Youth Basketball Players
The importance of this research comes from identifying the fundamental factors that help determine the basic physical dimensions directly affecting the skill performance of young basketball players. This enables coaches to design more effective training programs and predict performance by developing predictive models based on body shape and physical abilities. It also promotes the use of scientific data and evidence in developing training curricula and can lead to the development of new training methods and tools based on research data. This contributes to raising the overall level of athletic performance and provides objective criteria for selecting young players based on specific anthropometric and physical indicators. The study aims at building predictive equations to forecast skill performance in terms of body shape and physical abilities of young basketball players. The researcher used the descriptive, survey, and correlational methods, as they are suitable for the nature of the problem being addressed. The research population was defined purposively as young basketball players from six clubs in Baghdad and Diyala for the season 2023-2024. The total number of players was 75, and a purposive sample of four clubs was selected. The number of players is (30), and the field research procedures included conducting exploratory and main experiments that included physical ability tests (arm strength endurance test, leg strength endurance test, arm speed strength test, leg speed strength test, arm explosive power test (medicine ball 2 kg), leg muscle explosive power test, speed endurance test) basketball skill performance variables (defensive pull test, defensive movement test, high dribbling and receiving test ending with jump shot, high dribbling and receiving test ending with a layup shot) in addition to using the Japanese scientist Hirata’s model to estimate body type in terms of height and weight. In light of the results obtained by the researcher and through the analysis and discussion of the data, he concluded that there is a strong and close relationship between physical abilities, body type and skill performance level in basketball. The researcher also developed a precise predictive equation that can predict skill performance levels based on physical abilities and body type. He recommends adopting these predictive equations as a scientific tool to help coaches evaluate players and guide training plans more accurately and effectively. The researcher further recommends designing customized training programs that consider each player's individual physical abilities, including exercises to develop strength, speed, endurance, and flexibility alongside skill training, to ensure a balance between physical and technical aspects.
Prediction, Skill Performance, Physical Abilities, Basketball
Ambitions towards Teaching Profession and Its Relationship with the Level of Aspiration Among Students of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Islamic University
The level of aspiration plays a significant role in guiding an individual's behavior. It is a determinant of that behavior and a driving force for productivity. The level of aspiration reflects an individual's future orientation through their goal setting and their pursuit of that goal, overcoming obstacles. Aspiration also acts as a motivator for an individual and a crucial factor in achieving planned objectives. Furthermore, it can be a mirror reflecting an individual's beliefs and attitudes towards various topics, especially those related to their goals and future career path. Hence, the importance of this study lies in investigating the variable of students' attitudes towards their future professions and their level of aspiration, which will undoubtedly be reflected in their performance and professional competence. It is undeniable that teachers are among the most important elements of the educational process, contributing significantly to building the human resources upon which development depends. This needs to understand the psychological characteristics of those aspiring to the teaching profession. The study aims at identifying the relationship between attitude towards the teaching profession and the level of ambition among physical education and sports science students at the Islamic University. The researchers used the descriptive method with correlational relationships. The research sample consists of fourth-year students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at the Islamic University. The researchers reached certain conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a significant correlation between these variables, which is a positive correlation coefficient. This means it leads to a positive relationship between attitude towards teaching professions and the level of ambition. It is a good indicator for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Science at the Islamic University in Najaf Governorate. The researchers recommended adopting the attitude towards the teaching profession scale and the level of ambition scale as a tool to measure attitude towards the teaching profession and the level of ambition among fourth-year students.
Attitude, Level of Aspiration, ambitions
The Effect of the Training Method on Cognitive Achievement and Learning the Passing and Shooting Skills in Handball among Female Students
This research aims at identifying the use of the training method in cognitive achievement and learning the skills of passing and shooting in handball among female students. It also aims to identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results using the training method in cognitive achievement and learning these skills. The researcher uses an experimental design with two groups (experimental group and control group) as it is suitable for the research problem. The nature of the research involved a population of second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Diyala University during the academic year 2024-2025. A total of 75 students were selected purposively and divided into two sections. Section (Y) represents the experimental group which consists of 35 students, while Section (Z) represents the controlling group which also consists of 35 students. The final sample of the research is 70 female students. The researcher concluded that using a cognitive-based training method significantly improved the performance of female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in both passing and shooting skills, compared to the traditional method. The experimental group demonstrated a clear advantage in cognitive achievement after the application, indicating the effectiveness of linking cognitive and dynamic skills in enhancing understanding and comprehension of technical and tactical concepts. This training method relies on a gradual increase in the level and variety of exercises. The researcher recommends adopting a cognitive-based training method for teaching basic skills in team sports, given its positive impact on improving students' cognitive and skill performance.
training method, cognitive achievement, passing, shooting, handball
Developing an Administrative Intelligence Scale for Sports Supervisors from the Physical Education Teachers’ Perspective in Intermediate and Secondary Schools in the Governorate Centers of the Kurdistan Region/Iraq
This research aims at developing a scale for the administrative intelligence of sports supervisors from the perspective of physical education teachers in the governorate centers of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It also aims at identifying the level of administrative intelligence of sports supervisors from the perspective of physical education teachers in these provincial centers. The researchers used a descriptive exploratory approach to suit the current study. The research population consisted of 395 of physical education teachers in preparatory and secondary schools in the provincial centers of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the academic year 2024-2025. The preparation sample comprised 252 physical education teachers from preparatory and secondary schools, representing 63.79% of the research population. The application sample consisted of 130 teachers, and 121 valid questionnaires were returned for statistical analysis from the original research population, representing 30.63% of the research population. After ensuring the scientific validity and reliability of both the scale and the application sample, they were administered to the final research sample to obtain the results. All data were statistically analyzed using percentages, arithmetic means, standard deviations, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown Formula, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The researchers reached several conclusions, most importantly: the validity of the administrative intelligence level developed by the researchers for sports supervisors, from the perspective of physical education teachers in the governorate centers of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A significant improvement was observed in the various dimensions (rational intelligence and emotional intelligence) of the scale in considering the results obtained through the validity of the administrative intelligence level and its application to the study sample. The results showed a positive response from the participants achieving high levels.
Administrative intelligence, rational intelligence, Emotional intelligence.
The Effect of Using the Reciprocal Method in Teaching Handball Shooting Skills to Intermediate School Students
This research aims at identifying the effect of the reciprocal method in teaching handball shooting skills to intermediate school students. It also compares the reciprocal method with the American method in teaching handball shooting skills to intermediate school students. The researcher hypothesizes that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups with favoring the post-test scores. There were also statistically significant differences between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups with favoring the experimental group. The researcher adopts the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature and objectives of the research. The research sample consists of (110) of the second-year intermediate students from the Martyr Hussein Khalaf Awda Intermediate School. The sample is divided into three sections (A, B, and C). Section A , 25 students, represents the experimental group, while Section B represents the control group which is also of 25 students. The researcher ensured homogeneity in morphological variables and equivalence between both groups as far as the skills tests are concerned. The researcher administrates pre-tests, followed by the main experiment. After the completion of the learning units, the researcher administrates the tests and obtained the final results. The researcher analyzed the results statistically. Based on the discussion of these results, the researcher concluded that the use of the reciprocal style and also the command method has a positive impact on teaching handball shooting skills to intermediate school students. The researcher recommends the necessity of applying the reciprocal method in physical education lessons in order to achieve positive results in developing and teaching some types of handball shooting.
A comparative study of simplification versus complexity in cognitive achievement of offensive handball skills among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
Cognitive styles are important variables in classifying learners and their orientation towards acquiring skills and abilities, whether dynamic or cognitive. The simplification-complexity style is one such cognitive style. The learner's cognitive complexity style expresses an individual's ability to distinguish and unify multiple aspects of cognitive fields. It also determines an individual's ability to acquire, classify, and organize different information from the environment. People with cognitive complexity tend to use more information and see relationships more clearly compared to people with cognitive simplification. The research aims at identifying any differences in the cognitive achievement of offensive handball skills among students with the cognitive style (simplification/complexity) at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The descriptive method using a comparative approach was used to extract the research results. The research population was selected from the second-year students for the academic year (2024-2025). Two sections of students were randomly selected and classified into those with simplification and those with complexity to form the research sample. Thus, the research sample consisted of (80) students divided into two groups, (40) students for each. After that, the cognitive achievement test for offensive handball skills was administered, and the results showed the superiority of students with the cognitive style of complexity over students with the cognitive style of simplification.
Cognitive style, simplification-complexity, cognitive achievement in handball
The Effect of the Hexa-Dimensional Strategy on Visual Thinking in Teaching Basketball Rules
This study aims at investigating the effect of using the Hexa-Dimensional Strategy (PDEODE), (Predict-Discuss-Explain-Observe-Discuss-Explain) in teaching basketball rules on the visual thinking of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Duhok. The researchers used an experimental method that measured the two-dimensional difference between the experimental and control groups. The research sample consisted of (48) students. 24 students have been studied according to the Hexa-Dimensional Strategy while the other group which is of 24 students have been taught using the traditional method. Then the researchers administered a visual test. After collecting, classifying, and statistically analyzing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the results showed that applying both the Hexa-dimensional strategy and the traditional method had a positive result on visual reasoning in basketball rules. But the Hexa-dimensional strategy outperformed the traditional method in the test, achieving a moderate improvement in visual thinking for basketball rules.
Hexa-dimensional strategy, visual thinking, basketball rules.
The effect of Wheatley's model on teaching students some types of basketball shooting
The importance of this research lies in the use of Wheatley's model and its contribution to the educational process, demonstrating its impact on students' learning of certain basketball shooting techniques. The study aims at developing educational units based on Wheatley's model and to determine their effectiveness in teaching students specific types of basketball shooting. The researcher used the experimental method with equivalent groups. The research population was defined as students of the Physical Education Department at the College of Basic Education, University of Kalar, for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher selected the sample purposively. It consists of (30) second-year students from the Physical Education Department as representing (76.92%) of the department students. The sample was divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. Each group consists of (15) students. As far as the conclusion, the researcher concluded that using Wheatley's model has a direct and significant impact on student learning. The study presents a number of findings and recommendations. The recommendations include the necessity of using modern models, strategies and methods in teaching physical education more than relying heavily on the traditional methods used.
The Effect of a Proposed Rehabilitation Program in Treating Ankle Sprains in Young Volleyball Players
The research aims at developing a proposed rehabilitation program for ankle sprains in young volleyball players. The program was applied to a sample of injured players to determine its effectiveness in treating ankle sprains. The researcher followed the experimental approach, employing an experimental group as a suitable method for addressing the research problem. The research population was selected purposively from young volleyball players in Kirkuk Governorate representing different clubs. The research sample is (11) players. It is selected purposively from injured players suffering from partial torn ligaments in the ankle joint. Table (1) shows the distribution of the research sample. The researcher concluded that the proposed rehabilitation program was effective in improving the range of motion of the ankle joint and reducing pain intensity in injured young volleyball players. The program's progression from passive exercises to self-resistance and external resistance exercises helped improve the strength of the muscles surrounding the ankle joint. Statistical measurements showed a significant decrease in pain and marked an increase in joint mobility, reflecting success in accelerating the recovery process. The researcher recommends the necessity of designing rehabilitation programs directed to young players in sports like volleyball, taking into consideration the physiological characteristics of the group. Future studies with a larger sample size should be conducted to examine the program's effectiveness on a broader scale.
Rehabilitation Program, Ankle Joint, Volleyball Players
The Effect of Individual and Group Competition Styles on Learning Passing and Scoring Skills in Futsal among Students
This research aims at identifying the effect of the individual competition style on students learning the passing and scoring skills in futsal, and to identify the effect of the group competition style on students learning these skills. It also aims to compare the effects of the individual and group competition styles on learning these skills to determine which style is more effective. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups; an experimental group and a control group. The research population was selected purposively, consisting of first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the 2024-2025 academic year, divided into eight sections with a total of 672 students. The research sample was selected randomly. Section (B) represented the first experimental group, which used the group competition style, while Section (C) represented the second experimental group, which used the individual competition style. Section (D) represented the control group, with 35 students in each group. The total research sample is 70 students. The researcher concluded that both the group and individual competition styles were superior in achieving a significant improvement in the performance of the selected skills among the students. The two experimental groups were compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of these two methods in improving students' skill abilities. The group competition style showed relatively higher results than self-competition in post-tests. This indicates that social interaction and group motivation play a positive role in developing skill performance. The researcher recommends adopting the group and self-competition methods in teaching motor skills, especially in team games such as futsal due to their clear positive impact on developing skill performance. Teachers should be encouraged to vary their teaching styles rather than to be restricted only to the traditional way with emphasis on the methods that rely on interaction, feedback, and competition.
Individual competitive style, group competitive style, passing, shooting, futsal
Developing a Psychological Stability Scale for Some Students of the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences / Salahaddin University
This study aims at developing a scale for psychological stability among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University for the academic year 2024-2025. The researchers used the descriptive method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. Therefore, the sample consists of 100 students who are at the second, third and fourth year of their study. 52 students are from the second year, 21 students are from the third year, and 27 students are from the fourth year. This sample is to determine the discriminatory power of the two stability scales. The main experimental sample was selected using simple random sampling, comprising 211 students, representing 70% of the research population. The main experimental sample consisted of 57 students: 31 from the second year, 11 from the third year, and 15 from the fourth year. The researchers employed the following statistical methods: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, percentages, and statistical analysis to calculate the discriminatory power and internal consistency of the items in the psychological stability scale. After processing the collected data, the following conclusion was reached: A psychological stability scale was successfully developed for students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University. The following recommendation was made: The psychological stability scale developed by the researchers should be adopted to measure the psychological stability of second, third, and fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Salahaddin University.
The Effect of Special Ballistic Training Using a Circular Technique on Certain Physical Abilities and Technical Performance of the Front Roundhouse Kick (Dollyo Chagi) for Youth Taekwondo Players
This study aimed at developing ballistic training methods using a circular technique, focusing on a specific set of physical abilities and their effects on the technical performance level of the front roundhouse kick (Dollyo Chagi) among young Taekwondo players. The research highlights the importance of the front circular kick in Taekwondo as a fundamental offensive skill and the necessity of developing the physical abilities required for its effective execution. It also points to the role of ballistic training in developing explosive power and speed, and how integrating them with a circular technique which can achieve better results. Furthermore, it identifies the effect of circular ballistic training on certain physical abilities such as strength. The study aims at assessing the explosive muscle strength of the lower limbs (speed, flexibility, and neuromuscular coordination) and evaluates the effect of these exercises on the technical performance of the front roundhouse kick (Dollyo Chagi), including kick accuracy, speed, and power. An experimental approach is followed. The researcher divided the players into two groups; an experimental group receiving roundhouse ballistic training and a controlling group that followed the traditional training. The sample consisted of 24 players. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to measure physical abilities and the technical performance level of the kick. The experimental group showed significant improvement in the selected physical abilities, due to the nature of the ballistic training which focuses on developing explosive power. This improvement was reflected in the technical performance of the front roundhouse kick, in terms of increasing speed, power, and accuracy to enhance its effectiveness in competitions. The researcher concluded that roundhouse ballistic training is effective in developing physical abilities and improving the technical performance of the front roundhouse kick in young taekwondo players. The researcher recommends including these exercises in regular training programs for taekwondo players to enhance their physical level. Technically speaking, this research seeks to provide scientific evidence of the effectiveness of roundhouse ballistic drills as an innovative training tool for developing the performance of Taekwondo players, especially with regard to the important skill of the front roundhouse kick.
Ballistic training, Circular technique, Physical abilities, Technical performance
The Effect of Special Exercises on Some Basic Skills and Functional Variables in Football
The research objectives are to identify the components of these specific exercises within the first-year football curriculum. Also it is important to determine the impact of these exercises on the technical, skill-based, and functional aspects of first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science. The researcher used the experimental method as it suited the research objectives and hypotheses, the research problem, and the necessary solutions. The research community consisted of 12 first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences during the 2023 academic year.
University of Baghdad – College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Journal of Sport Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Educational Units According to Kampsch Model on Teaching Volleyball Receiving Skills to Fifth-Grade Primary School Students
This study aims at developing educational units based on the Kempsch model to determine their impact on learning the volleyball receiving skill for fifth-grade primary students. The use of educational strategies, methods, techniques, and models aims to develop the educational process and improve learning. The units are designed according to the specific problem and are suitable for the research sample to achieve the objectives of the study. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control one, using pre- and post-tests. The research community consisted of (98) fifth-grade primary students from Noon & Al-Qalam School, distributed to three sections (A, B, and C). After random selection, section (B) represented the experimental group with (20) students while section (A) represented the control group with (20) students. The pilot sample was randomly selected from section (C) with (10) students. After completing the field research procedures, the results are discussed and analyzed statistically. The most important conclusion was that the units of Kempsch model played a significant and effective role in developing volleyball receiving skills among fifth-grade students. The most important recommendation is that the researcher recommends using educational units based on the Kempsch model to teach basic volleyball skills to fifth-grade students..
Suggested exercises, Kampsch model, receiving skill.
The Effect of Interval Training Using Different Attacking Time Zones on Certain Physical Variables in Handball Players
Standardized training programs implemented regularly lead to rapid and consistent improvements in the functional, physical, and technical efficiency of athletes, ultimately achieving the goals of the training process. The success of the program is measured by the progress achieved by the athlete in the specific activity. To develop training programs for different sports, the coach must first consider the principle of specificity in training, that is, specificity based on the dominant energy system. In other words, the coach must identify the dominant energy system in that particular activity. The most important recommendations are: Coaches should base their training programs on the interval training guide. 2. The interval training program should be used to develop specific physical fitness components for handball.
Interval Training, Different Times, Attack Zone, Physical Variables, Handball
Identifying Appropriate Tests for some Physical Abilities to Select Players for Diyala Education Directorate's Basketball Team for the Intermediate Stage
Objectives Research: - To identify the most important physical tests for the players of the Education Directorate's basketball team. -To identify the identifiable factors in physical tests for selecting players for the Education Directorate's basketball team. -To develop a set of physical tests for selecting players for the Education Directorate's basketball team. To achieve these objectives, the research sample was defined carefully. The research community consisted of players from school teams participating in the basketball competitions organized by the General Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate, specifically the Directorate of Sports and School Activities in Baquba, during the 2023-2024 season. The research population were (32) teams, each with (10) players, totaling (320) players. The research sample consisted of (240) players, representing (75%), from (24) schools, selected randomly. After conducting pilot tests, the validity of the tests was confirmed, ensuring their scientific properties (validity, reliability, and objectivity), in addition to distinguish the research sample. It shows also the method of choosing the tests to represent the final set. Conclusions and Recommendations: Through the inter-correlation matrix consisting of (16) physical tests, (5) factors were identified through the analysis. These factors were then orthogonally rotated using Kaiser's Varimix method, resulting in (4) factors. The fifth factor was neglected. A group of physical tests was developed based on the identified factors for this study, with its units representing the highest level of the factors in the physical tests. These tests are: -Speed-strength test (forward support representing the first factor). -Agility test (lateral rebound run representing the second factor). -Hand-eye coordination test (representing the third factor). -Transitional speed test (high start sprint) (representing the fourth factor). The final group of tests is characterized by its simplicity to be suitable for basketball players.
Determine tests, physical abilities, basketball players
The Effect of Specialized Exercises Using Visual Aids on Learning Some Offensive Skills in Basketball for Students
The present research focuses on developing visual basketball exercises for students. This is one of the important topics due to its positive impact, as it presents information in an innovative and new way. Students learn by visually presenting a comprehensive model. Visual exercises are a vital element of learning and play a pivotal role in enhancing students' ability to perceive visual information, boosting focus and attention, and improving overall performance. Visual exercises contribute in improving students’ performance by enhancing their concentration and attention. The researchers believe that special exercises with adopting visual aids can play a significant role in improving offensive skills. This study aims at identifying the impact of specialized exercises using visual aids on students' learning of specific offensive basketball skills and to determine the differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control groups in learning these offensive basketball skills. The researchers used the experimental method with the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community was represented by second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, for the academic year (2024-2025). The sample of the research included second-year male students from Five sections, totaling (457) students. The research sample was selected from section (B). The researchers randomly selected the control group, consisting of (20) students. The researchers selected the experimental group from the same section, consisting of (20) students through the lottery method. The field research procedures included conducting experiments and tests, which included (the chest pass test, the pat-and-stab test, and the ladder shot test). The application of the exercises began on Monday, 4/11/2024, with a duration of (90) minutes for the educational unit. The educational units include (15) educational units, at a rate of two educational units per week. Each training unit lasted 90 minutes, with the main part of the unit, which lasted 70 minutes as to be the focus of the study. Based on the results achieved, the study demonstrated a clear positive impact of specific exercises using visual aids on improving the learning of offensive skills. The visual aids contributed to providing clear and easily understandable instructions for the students. The study also proved the importance of visual aids as an educational device that improves players’ performance by integrating theoretical knowledge with practical (offensive) skills. The researchers recommend integrating visual aids into the sports education process and using them as an essential component of sports training programs to develop students' skill performance.
Specialized exercises, offensive skills, basketball
A Comparative Study of Cortisol and Glucagon Hormone Levels and Explosive Strength of the Freestyle and Greco-Roman Wrestlers
This research aimed to identify the levels of the hormones cortisol and glucagon, as well as speed-strength (explosive strength), in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. It compared cortisol and glucagon levels before and after exertion in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers, and also compared explosive strength variables between both groups. The researchers used a descriptive approach as it is the most suitable method for the research problem. The research community was selected purposively of ten wrestlers from the Army Sports Club specializing in Greco-Roman wrestling. It is divided equally between freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling. The SPSS software was used to statistically analyze the data and obtain the results. The results were then presented and discussed. The researchers concluded that high-intensity training sessions had a positive correlation with increased cortisol levels, particularly in freestyle wrestlers, due to the physical exertion they underwent. The training regimen affected glucagon levels in freestyle wrestling compared to Greco-Roman wrestling. This is because physical activity depletes glycogen stores in the body which causes increasing glucagon secretion to meet energy demands. The researchers recommended conducting similar experimental studies on other club players to identify differences in hormones, functional variables, and physical characteristics. It is advisable to be considered particularly in individual events. The researchers also recommended further studies examining variables and hormones that are not addressed in this study, such as endorphins, leptin, and ghrelin. Furthermore, the researchers emphasized the importance that the coaches conduct regularly these medical examinations of functional and hormonal variables in all sports for its significant impact on performances.
Cortisol, glucagon, speed-related strength, freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling.
The Effect of the Error Analysis Strategy on Learning the Snatch Skill Performance of First-Year Students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
This study aims to evaluate the mastery of the snatch skill, a fundamental weightlifting exercise, by students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, through the use of error analysis method. The significance of the study lies in enhancing teaching by enabling students to review and correct their own errors, thereby boosting their self-confidence and motivation. The study included a sample of 32 first-year students, divided into two groups: an experimental group that used error analysis method and a control group that used the traditional method. The results showed a significant advantage for the experimental group in the post-test, confirming the effectiveness of error analysis in improving skill performance. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended generalizing this method in teaching sport skills and conducting further studies on other skills and different categories, with a focus on integrating modern technologies such as visual analysis into the educational process.
The Relationship between Biomechanical Variables, Pressure, and Symmetrical Balance Using Three-Dimensional Analysis in Jump Shooting Accuracy among Youth Basketball Players
The research aimed to identify some biomechanical variables, pressure, and symmetrical balance among young basketball players to identify a three-dimensional analysis of jump shooting accuracy among youth basketball players. It is also an attempt to identify the relationship between biomechanical variables, pressure, and symmetrical balance using three-dimensional analysis and jump shooting accuracy among youth basketball players. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach using correlational relationships to achieve the results of the research problem. The research community was defined as youth basketball players representing Iraqi clubs participating in Arab and international championships. The research sample is selected purposively of six players from Diyala Sports Club basketball team for the 2024-2025 season. The researchers select the best two out of five attempts, resulting in twelve observations. A pilot study sample of two players was selected from the same research community. The researchers concluded that the statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between biomechanical variables and symmetrical balance in jump shooting performance among basketball players. This indicates that improving any one of these factors can positively impact the overall performance of the players. It has been shown that players with better symmetrical balance demonstrate superior performance in the accuracy of the jump shot skill. This supports the hypothesis that balance and motor coordination are two essential elements in improving players’ performance. The researchers recommend applying advanced analysis techniques in training, advising coaches and researchers to adopt three-dimensional quantitative analysis methods within training programs
علم البـــايـــوميــكانيــك والتحليل الحركي
Biomechanical variables, pressure and symmetrical balance, 3D analysis, jump shooting, basketball
Predictive Value of the Chest Pass and Standing Shooting Skills Performance in light of Body Types of Female Basketball Players
This research aims at providing a scientific framework to understand the factors affecting the performance of chest pass and standing shooting skills in female basketball players. Understanding this relationship can help develop innovative training strategies aimed at improving performances based on accurate scientific data. This is highly important for sports science researchers to develop advanced and effective training methods. The research aims to identify the body types of female basketball players and to identify the relationship between body types and to determine the performance of the chest pass and standing shooting skills. The researchers adopt the descriptive approach with the survey method and the predictive correlation method for considering the research problem. The research community was determined intentionally to represent the players of the Iraqi Premier League for Women’s Basketball Clubs for the year (2024-2025), which represents (5) clubs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq of (60) players at a rate of (100%), represented by the clubs (Sabis Club, North Gas Club, Sennacherib Club, Afer Wadit Club, Akd Ainkawa Club) at a rate of (100%).The exploratory experiments sample was selected from the Bilad al-Rafidain Club of (12) players. The researchers concluded that the body types effect in a way or another to the performance of the chest pass and standing shooting skills. Accordingly, the level of chest pass and standing shooting skills was improved and the predictive values ​​of these skills were determined with reference to the body types. Therefore, the researchers recommend relying on the predictive value obtained by the study and emphasizing the transition of female players with body types appropriate for basketball. Similar studies should be conducted on other samples or other sports.
predictive value, body types, female basketball players
The Contribution of the Dynamic Reaction Speed in Some Compound Offensive Skills of Basketball Youth Players
This research sheds the light on the importance of the compound offensive skills in basketball, whether performed with or without the ball during the matches especially on the offensive side. The problem of the research lies in the fact that these skills, despite their importance, do not receive sufficient attention in the local training environment while the attention is directed to the offensive skills with the ball. Hence, the research objective was to identify the level of dynamic response speed among youth basketball players. Also it identifies the reality of their performance of compound offensive skills, as well as determines the percentage of the contribution of dynamic response speed to these skills. To achieve these objectives, the researchers used the descriptive approach, a survey method and a correlation study. They selected the research sample of (18) players of the specialized basketball school in Diyala Governorate, whose ages ranged between (17-18) years old. The exploratory experiment was conducted on Saturday 1/1/2025, followed by the implementation of the pre-test on Monday 1/13/2025. The main experiment began on Saturday 1/18/2025 and continued until 3/28/2025 at 9:00 A.M. The post-test was conducted on Saturday 3/30/2025 at 9: 00 A.M. The researchers analyzed the data statistically and discussed the results. It is concluded that there is a significant correlation between dynamic response speed and some compound offensive skills in basketball. The researchers recommended that focusing on improving dynamic response speed shows clear and positive influence on the accuracy of these skills among youth players.
Motor Reaction Speed, Combined Offensive Skills
Construction and Standardization of a Test Using a Manufactured Device for Shooting Accuracy from 7 meters for the Players of The National Center for Talent in Handball
The importance of the research lies in constructing and standardizing a test using a manufactured device for shooting accuracy from 7 meters. This modern addition to the measuring tools used in handball will contribute to the development of a new test using a manufactured device for the accuracy of some types of shooting for handball players. The research problem was identified after conducting personal interviews with experts and specialists. It became clear to us that the tests used to measure shooting skill on fixed squares without taking into account speed of performance. This does not meet the ambition and does not provide us with a true measurement for the test. Therefore, the need arose to construct a test that focuses on achieving shooting requirements during a match. The objectives of the research are constructing tests using a manufactured device to measure shooting accuracy from 7 meters in handball, identifying the degree of accuracy of players using the 7-meter handball shooting manufactured device. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach with the survey method to suit the research objectives. The research community included players of the National Center for the Care of Sports Talent for Handball in Iraq. The research community is (105) players. (10) Players were excluded because they were goalkeepers and the specificity of their performance did not match the research requirements. The size of the construction sample is (60) players at a rate of (57.14%), and the standardization sample (86) at a rate of (81.90%) after adding the construction sample to them. Thus, the total research sample is of (96) players at a rate of (91.43%). The scientific steps were followed to build the test and extract the scientific foundations. After completing the construction process, the standardization experiment was conducted. After obtaining the results, they were processed statistically. Among the most important conclusions was reaching the construction of a shooting accuracy test from the 7-meter area, and determining the standard grades for the research sample in the shooting accuracy test from the 7-meter area. As for the recommendations, it is necessary to apply the shooting accuracy test from the 7-meter area to identify the players' level. Researchers and specialists can benefit from the shooting test.
The Effect of a Proposed Training Approach on Developing some Respiratory System Variables and Young Boxers’ Endurance Performance
The importance of this research lies in the use of modern devices to find out the sources of physiological adjustment and maturity in the player while utilizing the scientific foundations of the training program developed by the researcher. This activity requires that the effort should be divided across the three rounds, which requires a technique used to detect the sources of the respiratory system using a modern standardized device to assess the condition of the boxer during the rest, the fight, and afterward. This is to achieve two important principles: the first is the extent of the boxer's respiratory variables and the development of the ability to endure performance and win. The second is to implement training touches based on the scientific foundations related to respiratory endurance to enhance the physiological variables. Therefore, the objectives of the research are to investigate the effect of the proposed training method on developing boxers’ some respiratory variables and endurance performance, as well as to identify the differences in the boxers’ performance endurance in the pre- and post-tests. The experimental method was used to suit the research topic, as the research sample consisted of the Al-Shorta Sports Club boxers, numbering (six players), and homogeneity was achieved before dividing the sample into two groups, after which the experimental design for each group was adopted, in addition to determining the training program, which consists of (ten weeks), meaning (three) training units per week. Then, the researcher conducted the post-tests in the same way as the pre-test. The researcher concluded that there were significant differences at the practical application level of the test for all respiratory system variables. The physiological variables were not at a high level, demonstrating the results of the respiratory system's capabilities. Furthermore, the development levels of the results of the physiological systems specific to the respiratory system did not reach the planned level for the boxers in the research sample. Therefore, continuous field application is required to develop the level of performance endurance among the boxers in the research sample. The results showed significant differences in performance endurance. Using modern devices accurately determined the actual test for the number of boxers from a technical perspective. The researcher recommends that adding field training variables, such as intensity, repetition, and training methods, into the training program prepared by the researcher, increases the respiratory system's ability as far as performance is concerned. Moreover, it is recommended to consider the current study as a basis for estimating the level of pulmonary-respiratory variables and using the research-specific variables to determine the training level of the boxers.
Respiratory system variables, boxers' endurance performance.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Journal of Sport Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the reality of adverse work behavior in youth and sports forums from the point of view of employees working in Diyala Governorate
The importance of this research is highlighted by its highlighting of the phenomenon of counterproductive work behavior in youth and sports forums in Diyala Governorate, which is considered one of the negative organizational behaviors that may affect the quality of institutional performance and reduce the effectiveness of programs and activities directed at the youth category. The importance of this topic increases as it touches a vital institution that aims to develop the energies of youth and direct them towards positive paths. The objectives of the research were to analyze the reality of counterproductive work behavior in youth and sports forums in Diyala Governorate by identifying its types, causes, and level of prevalence as seen by the working staff, and to determine the organizational and social effects of counterproductive work behavior within the forums, and to propose appropriate mechanisms to reduce it and improve the work environment in a way that reflects positively on the performance of youth institutions. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a survey style. The number of the research community was (139) workers. Accordingly, the most important conclusions were that the statistical data indicated that the low levels in a number of counterproductive work behavior axes, represented by (job withdrawal, slackness in performance, weak motivation, and counterproductive behavior towards colleagues and the institution), reflect the existence of a state of acceptable discipline and minimal negative behaviors among employees in the Youth and Sports Forums in Diyala Governorate, which is a relatively positive indicator of employees' awareness and commitment to professional behaviors. Reducing counterproductive work behaviors was recommended, as the researchers recommended adopting integrated organizational strategies aimed at reducing manifestations of counterproductive work behavior by promoting a culture of commitment and discipline, motivating positive behaviors, creating a supportive and stimulating work environment for cooperation and effective participation, and improving training and development programs for employees by providing administrative cadres in sports forums with advanced skills in counterproductive behavior to ensure the application of best practices in institutional work. These strategies also include periodic performance evaluation, enhancing motivation and institutional belonging, and achieving integration between the counterproductive work behavior axes.
Adverse work behavior , Youth and Sports Forums
The effect of using skill exercises on the technical performance of young soccer players under 19 years of age
Football is one of the most popular team sports around the world, and the use of skill exercises is very important in it for the performance achieved by the player, because it is a set of training operations that occur during the exercise and help the player change his motor behavior from one thing to another , and from here comes the importance of the research through the exercises performed by the player, which is one of the training methods that aim to develop skill capabilities . As for the research problem , and through their follow-up of local matches, they noticed that there is a weakness in the technical performance of skills, and the reason is that the local player lacks training with modern means. As for the research objectives: to identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in the research variables and the requirements of skill performance in youth football . As for the research hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests in specific endurance and skill performance requirements. As for the research areas: The human field: Diyala Sports Club youth football players. The time field: The period from (17/10/2024) to (3/5/2025) , the spatial field: Diyala Sports Club football stadium. The experimental method was used, as the research community for the current study is the youth of the Iraqi Premier League. The researcher chose the research sample intentionally , numbering (24), who are the players of the Diyala Youth. But The research sample is the model on which the researcher conducts the entirety and focus of his work. Therefore, (20) players were selected (10) players for the experimental group, and (10( players for the control group.