about the journal A periodical scientific journal specialized in the fields of sports sciences supervised by an editorial board consisting of members with advanced academic titles for the teaching staff in a number of faculties of physical education and sports sciences in Iraq and the Arab world. Local and Arab experts.
جامعة ديالى -كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة
The Effect of a Skill-Based Training Program on Developing Shooting and Heading Skills in Football
This study aims to identify the effect of a skill-based training program on developing the shooting and heading skills of students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The experimental approach was applied using two groups (control and experimental). The experimental group underwent a skill-based training program that lasted for several weeks, while the control group followed the traditional training program adopted in the practical lessons. The results showed significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of the skill-based training program in improving the students’ technical performance and skill accuracy. The study confirmed that the use of realistic game situations and targeted exercises contributes to enhancing motor abilities, neuromuscular coordination, and the efficiency of performance in offensive football skills, particularly shooting and heading.
training program, skill-based , shooting, heading, football, technical performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Sport Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Certain physical fitness Component and their relationship to the Dribble-While-Rotating Skill in Basketball Among North Oil Club Players
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between agility, flexibility, and the skill of dribbling with rotation in basketball among players of the North Oil Club, basketball team. The researchers used the descriptive method in the style of associative relationships due to its suitability to the nature of the study and to achieve its goals. As for the research community, it was chosen intentionally and consisted of players from the North Oil Club, the basketball team. The sample consisted of advanced players, numbering (10) players, representing (83.33%) of the research community after excluding two players for the exploratory experiment. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between flexibility and agility and the skill of dribbling with rotation in basketball. The results also showed that the quality of agility contributes to the performance of the skill of dribbling with rotation in basketball, in addition to the contribution of flexibility to the performance of the skill of dribbling with rotation in basketball. Based on all of the above, the researchers recommended the need to link skill and motor performance when developing training programs and put them in a way appropriate for the competition. Additionally, there is a need to focus on some physical fitness elements such as flexibility and agility after establishing their significant relationship, and to conduct similar research on other physical abilities and their relationship with basketball skills. This will serve the game, especially since it is the second most popular game in the world.
agility, flexibility, dribbling with rotation
Biomechanical analysis of the straight forward aerial rotation skill on the floor exercise apparatus in artistic gymnastics for juniors
The research aims to identify the biomechanical variables of the skill of the straight front aerial cycle on the floor exercise apparatus in artistic gymnastics for juniors (rise and descent time, vertical distance of the center of gravity of the body, horizontal distance of the instep, relative force of the push), and the researcher used the descriptive approach using biomechanical analysis due to its suitability to the nature of the research, and the sample was chosen intentionally from the players of the Iraqi national team for juniors in artistic gymnastics, where only (1) player was chosen, who is one of the distinguished players of the team in artistic gymnastics in general and in the skill of the straight front aerial cycle on the floor exercise apparatus in particular, where the player performed (5) attempts, the best of which was chosen according to the decision of the judges as free of technical errors, and one of the most important results was that the total time for the skill took (1.82) seconds, with (0.78) seconds for the ascent phase, (0.96) seconds for the flight, rotation and landing phase, and (0.08) for stability, the ascent time is less than the landing, which necessitates the need to direct attention Towards the speed of rotation performance during ascent so that the player can achieve balanced moderation and descent, the high exit in the double ascent helps the player reach a height that enables him to perform the rotation, and one of the most important recommendations was the possibility of the player jumping a horizontal distance of movement that represents at least approximately the player’s height, using the correlation relationships of the results of the angular and linear biomechanical indicators in preparing training programs for juniors, and setting specific training for each moment of the technical performance of the skill based on the biomechanical indicators that were reached.
Biomechanical analysis, straight forward rotatio
The Impact of a Proposed Training Approach on Information Processing and the Acquisition of the Passing Skill in Handball among Students
The aim of the research is to identify the degree of information processing and some handball handling skills for Second -stage students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Diyala, and to prepare exercises in a training style for processing information and learning the handball handling skill for Second -stage students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Diyala. The researcher used the method. The two groups were experimentally designed (an experimental group and a control group) due to its suitability to the problem and nature of the research. The research population consisted of students from the Second stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, for the academic year 2022/2023. They were chosen intentionally, and they numbered (265) students, divided into six groups, and the group was chosen ( A) and (C) were drawn by lottery, and Division (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group, numbering (25) students, and Division (C) represented the control group, numbering (25) students, which followed the established curriculum. The final group of members of the research sample reached (50) students. The research sample represented (18.86%) of the parent community. The researcher concluded that the curriculum prepared by the training method contributed effectively and positively to information processing and learning the handball skill of the Second-stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala, and that The diversity in the use of skill exercises has an effective and positive impact on information processing and learning the handball skill of handball among the members of the research sample, and the careful selection of exercises, their arrangement and repetition within the educational unit and according to the training method, as it contributed to organizing the skill experiences of the learners in a specific way according to the principles of information processing and attracting the attention of the learner Which made it easier to learn and teach the handball handling skill.
Strategies for Coping with Crises Among Faculty Members and Staff of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and Their Relationship to Administrative Creativity at the University of Tikrit
Research Significance: The significance of this research stems from the need to identify the level of crisis management strategies among faculty members and administrative staff at the University of Tikrit. These strategies play a crucial role in enhancing the ability to confront challenges and achieve administrative creativity within academic institutions. Research Objectives: This study aims to assess the level of crisis management strategies among faculty members and staff at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Tikrit. Additionally, it seeks to determine the relationship between these strategies and administrative creativity, contributing to the development of effective administrative solutions that enhance academic and administrative performance. Research Methodology: The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach due to its suitability for the study. Quantitative measurement tools were used to assess the levels of crisis management strategies and administrative creativity among the study sample. Research Sample: The study sample consisted of 40 faculty members from various specializations and academic ranks (Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer, Assistant Professor, and Professor) of both genders (male and female), in addition to 50 administrative staff members working in different departments of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and its administrative headquarters. A purposive comprehensive sampling method was employed due to its accuracy in providing more objective results. Findings and Recommendations: The results indicated that the study sample exhibited a high level of crisis management strategies, reflecting their ability to handle crises effectively within the academic work environment. Accordingly, the researcher recommends enhancing these strategies through training programs aimed at developing effective crisis management skills, as well as promoting administrative creativity practices to improve institutional performance at the university.
Crises, Strategies, Faculty member, Staff and Creativity
The Development Model of Sports Diplomacy in Iraq
This research aims to propose a model for the development of sports diplomacy in Iraq. The research method employed was qualitative, utilizing the grounded theory and the Glaser method. The study's statistical population consisted of experts in sports diplomacy in Iraq, including professionals in public diplomacountrycy and sports, high-ranking sport officials, professors of sports management, professors of international relations and political science, sports managers, and elite athletes. The sampling method used was purposeful sampling. A total of 67 concepts were categorized into four main categories: political-legal, economic, cultural-social, and communication. The political-legal category included subcategories of domestic policy with ten concepts and foreign policy with eight concepts. The economic category included subcategories of sports economy with six concepts and national economy with seven concepts. Based on the research results, it is recommended that special attention be given to the political-legal, economic, cultural-social, and communication dimensions for the development of sports diplomacy. Therefore, it is suggested that political and sports authorities work towards creating equal opportunities for men and women in sports to enhance sports diplomacy
The effect of hypoxia mask in physical, psychological, and offensive skills improvement in elite handball players
The aim of the research is to prepare exercises using hypoxia masks to improve some physiological variables, physical and skill capabilities of handball players and to identify the effect of using hypoxia masks in developing some physiological variables, physical and skill capabilities of handball players. The researchers used an experimental approach to suit the nature of the study problem and the community was identified. The research was conducted on the players of the Soran Club handball team for applicants. The sample was chosen randomly and consisted of (16) players, representing (80%) of the research community. They were randomly divided into two equal groups, each group consisting of (8) players. The selection of the research sample was closely related to the study aim by the researcher. The two research groups were homogeneous in (age, height, mass, and training age), and there was equality in (some physiological, physical, and skill variables).The researchers relied on sources, personal interviews, questionnaires, tests and measures as necessary tools for collecting information in order to reach the research objectives. The curriculum consisted of (24) training units for the experimental group over a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (3) training units per week, and the duration of each training unit ranged between (35-45) minutes. The training curriculum was implemented by the experimental group from (9/22/2024) until (11/21/2024) at a rate of three training sessions per week. Then, the data was unloaded and processed statistically. Therefore, the study conducted by the researchers, it was possible to reach the following conclusions: The emergence of a significant development in all the physical variables under investigation as a result of training using hypoxia masks, the results showed a positive development in experimental group as shown by the results of the post-tests of the research participants, and also, the emergence of a significant development in all the skill variables under investigation as a result of training using hypoxia masks are developing physical, skill, and physiological variables in handball, and selecting training methods and loads appropriate to the training age and preparation stages of players, to achieve the desired development
effect - Hypoxia masks - Physical variables - Physiological - Handball
A recording study of some specific skills of the Diyala Education Handball Team players aged (16-18) years
Scientific research and studies contribute to the development of sports, especially team sports, at the national and international levels. Handball is one of the most popular sports in the world due to its excitement and strong competition between teams. The importance of the research lies in identifying the players' readiness and identifying the strong and weak points of their skills through conducting scadual tests on the most important basic skills of the handball players of Diyala Education Team. Regarding the research problem, the researcher adopted a recommendation that suggested in a published study (Qahtan: 2025:12), which suggested conducting tests on other variables, including the skill factor. Hence, the research problem arose, which prompted the researcher to adopt it and identify the strong and weak points of the selected players’ skills. The researcher used a descriptive approach using a survey method. The research sample consisted of some handball players of Diyala Education Team aged 16-18 years. Attacking skills were selected and tested, and the main experiment was conducted on a sample of the research community. The researcher obtained the test data and processed it statistically. One of the most important conclusions of the study shows that the tests identified a kind of weaknesses in the training status of the players, especially the dribbling skill. One of the most important recommendations is to conduct similar studies on points not investigated in this study, including the dynamic side.
Designing a digital development model in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
The aim of this study is to propose a conceptual framework for digital development in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in Kurdistan Region. The research population consisted of experts in the field who had expertise in the study area within the universities of the Kurdistan Region. For the qualitative part of the study, a sample of the population was selected using the snowball sampling technique, focusing on individuals with relevant knowledge and experience. A total of 17 participants were chosen, based on the point at which theoretical saturation was reached. The research method involved semi-structured interviews conducted both face-to-face and online. The validity of the findings was ensured through the validation process of the selected sample, with a reviewer agreement rate exceeding 71% in framing the indicators and confirming their consistency in the study. The results revealed a conceptual map consisting of 67 concepts, 22 sub-themes, and 7 main themes. These 7 main themes, or factors, were identified as follows: the capacity of the innovation ecosystem and educational technology, the challenges of digital transformation and development, the effectiveness of e-governance in physical education faculties, leadership mechanisms supporting digital development, the availability of digital infrastructure in physical education faculties, the involvement of the physical education community, and the digitalization of educational processes in the physical education and sports sciences faculties of the Kurdistan Region.In concludion, the digital development in these faculties is a complex, multi-dimensional, and multi-level process. Its success is influenced by various contextual (e.g., requirements, challenges), systemic (e.g., structure, management), axial (e.g., infrastructure, mechanisms, participation), and consequential (e.g., outcomes) factors. Therefore, it is recommended that the management of physical education faculties in the Kurdistan Region adopt the framework proposed in this study to guide their planning and implementation of digital development in the system.
Digitalization of education, digital university, digital development, Iraqi universities
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mental Health
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity levels and mental health outcomes among adults aged 18-65 years in an urban setting. Specifically, it sought to determine whether higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower psychological distress, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Participants were recruited from community centers, gyms, and online platforms, resulting in an initial sample of 500 individuals. After applying inclusion (physically capable adults) and exclusion criteria (individuals with diagnosed mental health disorders), 450 participants completed the study. The final sample comprised 220 females (48.9%) and 230 males (51.1%), with a mean age of 34.5 years (SD = 12.3). Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while mental health was evaluated with the GHQ-12. Demographic and lifestyle variables, including age, gender, smoking status, and sleep quality, were collected via a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis to explore the relationships among variables. The mean total physical activity score was 1,200 MET-min/week (SD = 800), with leisure-time activities contributing the most (mean = 750 MET-min/week, SD = 600). The mean GHQ-12 score was 3.5 (SD = 2.5), indicating low psychological distress, though 25% of participants scored above the cutoff of 4. A significant negative correlation was observed between total physical activity and GHQ-12 scores (r = -0.45, p < 0.001), suggesting that higher physical activity levels are associated with lower psychological distress. Multiple regression analysis revealed that total physical activity (β = -0.32, p < 0.001) and sleep quality (β = -0.25, p < 0.01) were significant predictors of mental health, explaining 18% of the variance in GHQ-12 scores (R² = 0.18). Moderating effects of demographic and lifestyle variables were not significant. The calculated effect size for the relationship between physical activity and mental health was medium (Cohen’s d = 0.50).
Physical activity, Mental health, Well-being
Designing Two Tests for Shooting Accuracy for Female Players in the Premier Clubs of Kurdistan in Futsal
.The present research aims to design two tests to assess the shooting skills of female players in the premier clubs of Kurdistan in futsal, as well as to establish standard scores and levels for these skills. The importance of the research lies in providing an objective measurement tool for shooting skills, along with standard scores and levels that coaches and those who have interests in the game can utilize to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the players. The research community consists of (70) female players from the premier clubs in Kurdistan in futsal. The sample was selected using comprehensive sampling. An exploratory trial was conducted with (5) players while the reliability sample consisted of (15) players who were not excluded from the final application. The researchers relied on scientific resources, previous studies, as well as personal and academic experience in constructing the tests As far as the results, an exploratory experiment was conducted to ensure the suitability of the two tests for the sample's level and to verify the appropriateness of the distance and the tests and to understand the sample and the working team. After confirming the scientific foundations of both tests, they were applied to the sample and statistical analysis which was performed on the scores. The researchers concluded several findings; including the construction and standardization of two tests for shooting accuracy for the research sample in futsal and finding standard scores and levels for this sample.
Test Construction، Shooting Accuracy، Futsal
The Effect of Single-Leg and Pair-Leg Hop Training on Sandy Surface on Developing some of Performance Variables for 100m Runners
The research aims to recognize the impact of Single-Leg and Pair-Leg Hop trainings on the sandy medium in developing some performance variables for 100 m runners in an effort by researchers to reduce the problem of the stability and low recording level of Anbar governorate runners in the 100m Race to contribute in finding a scientific solution by considering the causes of that weakness which may be due to following mainly the traditional patterns training methods. To apply the search procedures, the researchers selected the sample of the research in a deliberate manner from the 100m runners in Anbar governorate/Iraq registered with the Iraqi Federation of Track and Field Games. (5) runners during the sports season (2024/2025), as well as a survey on a sample of its strength (3) runners from outside the basic research sample, and the most important conclusions reached are that the hop training (Singl- Leg/ Pairs Legs hop) on the sandy medium has a positive effect on developing the muscle strengths. The evolution of muscle strengths of two legs show posative impact on the development of the achieved level, and it effects posativly on the length of the runner's step and its frequency rate which reflects its speed.
Single-Leg and Pair-Leg Hop, sandy environment, performance variables.
Agility and the Explosive Power of the Legs and their Relationship to the Achievement of the Long and Triple Jump for Fourth-year Students
The study aimed to identify agility and the explosiveness of the legs and their relationship to achievement in the long jump and triple jump activities for fourth-year students at the University of Diyala, specializing in physical education and sports sciences. The research problem lies in the fact that these studies addressed a specific aspect of the two activities, such as studying important physical attributes of physical fitness, one related to the dynamic aspect (agility) and the other related to the skill aspect (explosive power). The fact that what concerns us in these two activities is mainly the legs, as they are the most influential part without neglecting the importance of the other parts, such as the arms. Agility is important in performing the both activities optimally, as it requires coordination between the working body parts and the nervous system, while taking into account the ability to change body position easily and quickly. As for the explosive power of the legs, it plays a major role in achieving both activities, as it is considered the greatest influence on the final achievement of the distance separated a. Therefore, the researchers focused on the relationship between these abilities, on the track and field, especially for the students. The researchers tend to understand the relationship between both abilities and the achievement of the two activities for the fourth-year student. This was due to the observation given to the two abilities during the students' performance of both activities. This was done in order to avoid weaknesses and contribute to increasing understanding of the components of performance technique so that it can be developed in these two activities. The researchers used the descriptive approach. Therefore, the descriptive approach is concerned with depicting the current situation and identifying the relationships that exist between phenomena and trends that are moving towards growth or development. The objectives that the researchers set for the research and the procedures used will determine the nature of the selected sample. Therefore, the research community is selected to be the fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala. The main experiment was conducted for the specified tests. The researchers used statistical methods such as the Arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The researchers’ expectations come to show that there are positive and statistically significant relationships between the variables
Agility, explosiveness of the legs, Long jump, triple jump
Application of Electronic Management in the Branches of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala: The Teaching Staff Perspectives
The application of electronic management in the college branches will enable teachers to have greater control over the management of the educational and administrative process, and will provide a greater opportunity to follow up the educational process. The research aims to identify the application of electronic management in the branches of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, from its teachers’ perspectives. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive approach. The sample of the study consists of (100) teachers from the study community who were selected randomly. The researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (20) paragraphs. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to achieve the results due to the research procedures. The researcher concluded that the teachers are aware of the importance of relying on electronic management and its techniques in improving office work to avoid certain traditional cases and grant the necessity of performing works electronically.
E-management application, branches of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, perspectives
The Effect of Anaerobic Threshold Training on the Development of Dynamic Reaction Speed and Some Combined Offensive Skills in Basketball for the Youth
This research aimed to investigate the effect of anaerobic threshold training on the development of dynamic response speed and certain complex offensive skills in youth basketball players. To achieve this goal, the researchers adopted the experimental method using the design of two equivalent groups, as it is the most suitable approach for addressing the research problem. The research community consisted of players from the specialized basketball school in Diyala province, aged between 17 and 18 years, with a total of 18 players. They were divided randomly into two equal groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 6 players in each. The exploratory experiment was conducted on Saturday, 1st January, 2025, followed by the pre-test on Monday, 13th January, 2025. The main experiment started on Saturday, 18th January, 2025, and continued until 28th March, 2025, with three training units per week, totaling 36 training units. The anaerobic threshold training was implemented within the training units prepared for the experimental group. The post-test was conducted on Saturday, 30thMarch, 2025, at 9:00 AM. After data collection, the researchers conducted statistical analysis with a full discussion. The findings revealed that anaerobic threshold training significantly contributed to the improvement of the players’ dynamic response speed, as well as improving the skills of deception from stability and offensive blocking among youth basketball players. Based on these results, the researchers recommended the necessity of generalizing training programs that include muscle strength exercises as a preparatory stage before starting anaerobic threshold training to achieve the best results.
Anaerobic Threshold, Motor Reaction Speed, Combined Offensive Skills
A Prediction of Complex Offensive Skill Performance Based on Dynamic Abilities for the Selection of Players of Diyala Directorate of Education Basketball Team.
The significance of the research lies in providing scientific foundations that contribute to improving training and selection processes in basketball for enhancing team performance and ensuring better results. By predicting the offensive skills performance index based on dynamic abilities, coaches can more effectively direct training efforts towards developing the abilities that directly impact offensive performance, saving time and effort and increasing training efficiency. This approach helps in identifying the dynamic abilities that most influence offensive skills, making the player selection process more accurate and objective as to choose players with dynamic abilities predictive of excellent offensive performance, so that leads to increasing the team's effectiveness in matches. The importance of this study lies in offering a scientific and effective tool to improve player performance and selected accurately, thus this proves raising the team's level and increasing the chances of success in sports competitions. The study aimed to develop predictive equations for some composite offensive skills based on key dynamic abilities for selecting basketball players of the Diyala Education team. The researcher used the descriptive, survey, and correlational studies approach suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. The study included high school students in Diyala province who underwent selection tests for the Diyala Education team, totaling (65) students distributed across different schools. The field research procedures included conducting preliminary and main experiments that involved testing dynamic abilities (agility test, flexibility test, coordination test, and balance test) and composite offensive skills in basketball (receiving + overhead passing, receiving + high dribbling + chest passing with both hands, receiving + high dribbling + jump shooting (two points), receiving + high dribbling + layup shooting). Based on the results obtained, the researcher concluded a predictive equation for the skill performance of some composite offensive skills based on dynamic abilities such as (agility, flexibility, coordination, and balance), which can be used to select basketball players. The results showed a strong relationship between dynamic abilities and the level of composite offensive performance in basketball players. The researcher recommends adopting the predictive equation for selecting basketball players, emphasizing on the development of training programs to improve the players’ abilities. The researcher calls for more research and studies in the field of sports performance analysis and using dynamic abilities as a criterion for player selection.
prediction, composite offensive skills, motor abilities, basketball
A Comparative and Analytical Study of the Values of some Biomechanical Variables of Defensive Skill in the Volleyball Court between Positions 1 and 5
Most team players should be highly skilled at defending in the court, which will enhance their defensive skills and lead to better results. The importance of this research is evident in highlighting the most important factors that lead to improving the players’ defensive skill. It is also necessary to highlight the differences between the (positions1) and (position 5) in order to achieve the best results. The lack of precise knowledge of the requirements for performing the defensive skill and its biomechanical variables leads to a weakness in the preparation of players, indicating a deficiency in their skillful performance in defense. This explains the difficulty in correcting errors in the advanced stages. The research aimed to identify the values ​​of some biomechanical variables when performing the defensive skill between the positions (1, 5), as well as to identify the differences in the values ​​of some biomechanical variables when performing the defense between the positions (1,5). The researchers hypothesized that there are significant differences in the values ​​of some biomechanical variables when performing defending skills between the positions (1,5). The research community consists of the Southern Gas Sports Club, from February 30, 2024 to April 12, 2024 at the Sports Hall in Al-Zubair. The researchers’ conclusions indicate the differences in the values ​​of the variable hip joint angle at the moment of contact with the ball between moving and stationary defense, in favor of moving defense, and for both positions (1-5). The most important recommendation was to emphasize decreasing the angle between the arms and the torso so that the ball rebounds appropriately according to the mechanical principles.
The Effect of an Educational Curriculum Based on the Educational Props Strategy in Developing Agility and Learning the Accuracy of High Jumping Shooting After Handball Feints for Students
The educational process is mainly concerned with the objectives of the educational process. As far as the research problem is concerned, the researchers noticed weakness in the performance of offensive skills, including shooting and deception skills, and weakness in performance and agility, which is considered an essential element in shooting and deception skills. Therefore, The objectives of the research are to prepare an educational curriculum according to the educational props strategy for students and identify the effect of the curriculum on heir performances. As for the research hypotheses, the curriculum prepared according to the educational props strategy has a significant impact on developing agility and learning accurate shooting by jumping high after deception with the handball for students. The researchers used agility and shooting accuracy tests with handball, and the educational curriculum was applied according to the educational props strategy on the research sample, where the number of educational units was eight for a period of two months, i.e. one per week. The results of the pre- and post-tests of agility and shooting accuracy by high jumping after deception with handball for the control and experimental groups were presented, analyzed and discussed. The researchers achieved certain conclusions. There is an effective role for the educational props strategy in developing agility and shooting accuracy by high jumping after deception with handball for students of the experimental group. The special exercises prepared according to the educational props strategy helped in developing the level of skill performance. The researchers recommended adopting this type of strategy due to its effective role in developing students’ abilities and learning offensive handball skills. It is also recommended to conduct similar studies to determine the effect of this strategy on learning skills in other games.
Quantitative Estimation of Peripheral Perception of the Accuracy of Serving Skill Performance for Third-Year Tennis Students
The research aims to identify the level of perception and accuracy of serving skill performance variables for third-year tennis students, and to quantitatively estimate the contribution of perspectives to the accuracy of serving skill performance for third-year tennis students. The researcher used a descriptive approach using a survey method and correlational relationships to suit the research. It is represented by the third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala for the academic year 2023-2024 of (184) students whose names are included in the official lists of the registration department and distributed to the sections (A, B, C, D, E). The research sample was selected randomly. The sections (B, E) were selected as the number was (64) students, at a rate of (34.78%). Ten students have been excluded from them due to non-compliance with attendance. Thus, the research sample was divided into a survey sample, whose number was (14) students, at a percentage of (7.6%), while the main experimental sample was (50) students, at a percentage of (27.17%). The researcher then conducted a skill test on the tennis courts at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala. A perception test on the FINA system at the Center for Educational and Psychological Research at the University of Baghdad is applied. The researcher reached several conclusions, including that there is a positive correlation between students' ability to perceive their surroundings and their accuracy in performing the serve skill. Students with a higher level of perception demonstrated greater accuracy in performing the serve skill. The researcher recommends the necessity of conducting periodic assessments of students' perception of their surroundings and its impact on their performance, to determine the effectiveness of training programs and modify them as needed.
Designing and Standardizing a Basketball Point Guard Skill Test For Youth Aged (16-18)
The importance of the research lies in skill performance as a physical and skill-based ability, which combines both and upon which the level of the Point Guard performance depends. The existing tests are general tests for all basketball players, and there are no specific tests for playing positions. The researcher seeks to assist working coaches in using this test, which is designed to be a new addition to the game and to youth sports teams. The research aims at designing and standardizing a skill performance test for the Point Guard for young basketball players. It also aims to establish standard scores and levels for the skill performance test for young basketball players. The research area includes the youth players of the league clubs associated with the Iraqi Professional Basketball League, numbering (38) players. The time frame is from August 17, 2024, to October 19, 2024. The spatial frame is the basketball courts of the clubs participating in the Iraqi Professional Basketball League.
The Effect of Weight-Bearing Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Some Morphological Characteristics of Junior Boxers
The objectives of the research were to develop weight-bearing resistance training on muscular strength among junior boxers, and to identify the effect of weight-bearing resistance training on morphological characteristics among junior boxers. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design using pre- and post-group measurements to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community consists of junior boxers in Diyala Governorate, numbering (21) boxers distributed among (4) clubs: (Diyala Club, Al-Khalis Club, Baladruz Club, and Khanaqin Club). The research sample was randomly selected, numbering (7) boxers from (Diyala Club), thus reaching a percentage of (33.33%). As far as the objectives, procedures, and study sample are concerned, the researcher has concluded that the proposed weight training exercises had a positive effect on the muscular strength of the arms and legs, as well as on some morphological variables (fat thickness in the humerus, chest, flank, inner thigh, and average fat thickness). The training contributed to developing the boxer's muscular strength, performance, and subsequent results in post-tests, enhancing accuracy and the ability to gain sufficient time and endurance during a fight. The researcher recommends that scientific principles be used in constructing and designing training programs to improve physical performance based on the functional significance of juniors. The researcher also recommends taking into account the characteristics of age groups when working with juniors, thus enabling planning and improving their physical, muscular, and social capabilities. The researcher also recommends implementing the proposed weight training exercises to develop muscular endurance. The researcher also emphasized the need to implement the present study using other resistances due to the nature of the sample and the activity, and also to focus on juniors at early age by developing a standardized training program based on scientific principles.
Analyzing the Effect of Strength Training on Mechanical and Functional Adaptations of Muscle Tissue Using Mechanical Signals Resulting from Muscle Contraction in Strength Athletes
This research aims to analyze the effect of strength training on mechanical and functional adaptations of muscle tissue in strength athletes, by studying mechanical signals resulting from muscle contraction. The sample included six strength athletes with an advanced training history, with an average age of 33 years and a weight of 76 kg. The study focused on the biceps brachii and radialis muscles of both limbs, using advanced techniques to measure mechanical properties. The results showed that dynamic stiffness is clearly affected by muscle activity and training intensity, making it a vital indicator for assessing muscle adaptations. A decrease in the natural vibration frequency of muscles was also observed after intensive training, reflecting the effects of central and peripheral muscle fatigue. The study revealed variation in muscle response, particularly with regard to relaxation time and deformation after exercise, reflecting the diverse mechanical properties of the targeted muscles. However, the study indicated the need for further research to understand the relationship between training and muscle tissue behavior through the concept of Deborah's number, the effect of which has not been sufficiently clarified. The researcher recommended the necessity of adopting objective analysis using modern devices to obtain accurate results, in addition to conducting future studies to explore the effect of fibrous structures on muscle stiffness indicators. This study contributes to providing a deeper understanding of the mechanical adaptations resulting from resistance training, which supports improving the quality of training programs and enhancing athletic performance.
Free Will of Secondary School Students in Distinguished High Schools
The current study aimed to identify the level of free will among secondary school students at distinguished schools in Mosul, in addition to identifying the levels of the directions that comprise the students will. The researcher used a descriptive approach due to the suitability of the study. The research society consisted of 450 secondary school students at distinguished high schools in Mosul distributed in two schools. The research sample consisted of 270 students who were randomly selected. The stable sample consisted of 20 students who were excluded from the research sample. The SPSS statistical package was used for statistical analysis of the data, and appropriate statistical methods were adopted, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for one sample, Cronbach's alpha equation, simple correlation coefficient, and percentage. The results of the current study showed a significant decrease in the level of free will according to the scale as a whole and the levels that comprise the scale.
The Effect of Weight-Bearing and Resistance Exercises on Strength Endurance and Some Technical Skills in Youth Volleyball
The importance of improving the physical aspect, especially strength endurance, of volleyball players lies in developing appropriate exercises that muscular strength depends on, such as weight-bearing and resistance exercises to improve performances. As far as the problem of the research is concerned that the technical skills in volleyball have kind of physical requirements that must be considered seriously for a better performance with high concentration. Therefore, muscular strength endurance is one of the requirements for good results as the players who lack this ability suffer from lower performance levels. The main objectives were to determine the effect of weight-bearing and resistance exercises on strength endurance and technical performance in youth volleyball. Thus, the most important conclusions achieved show that the weight-bearing and resistance exercises are essential in developing strength endurance and skill performance. The researcher recommends that weight-bearing and resistance exercises are important and essential in developing strength endurance and skill performance in youth volleyball.
The Effect of Tae Bo Exercises on Some Physical Abilities and the Digital Level of Female Students in the Long Jump of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala
The research aims at identifying the effect of the Tae Bo exercises on improving some physical abilities and the digital level in the long jump competition for fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. The researcher uses the experimental method due to the suitability of the research. The researcher considers an experimental design with a pre- and post-test for two groups, the experimental and the control groups. The researcher has selected a deliberate sample of (30) female students from the fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala of the academic year 2024-2025. One of the most important results was that the experimental group outperformed the control group in physical ability tests (leg muscle strength test using a dynamometer, standing trunk flexion, 30-second sit-up test, broad jump, vertical jump, and three consecutive jumps on the foot). The numerical level of fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala in the long jump was determined by the Tae Bo exercises applied to the experimental group. One of the most important recommendations was to be guided by the content of the proposed training program, given its positive impact on female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the long jump, and to use Tae Bo exercises to develop the physical abilities of female long jumpers.
An investigation was conducted using a double-blind, randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of L-arginine supplementation on body composition and performance in athletes
The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of L-arginine supplements on individuals' athletic abilities and physical condition. The study involved 18 male track and field athletes between the ages of 15 and 37 years who were affiliated with sports clubs in FC Sherwana, Kurdistan-Iraq. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: one received L-arginine supplements and the other received placebos. Over 30 days, the athletes were given either a daily dose of 4 g of L-arginine or an equivalent amount of placebo. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted to evaluate exercise performance, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), and lean body mass (LBM). The mean age of the participants was 23.14 ± 2.75 years. The group that received L-arginine supplementation showed a significant improvement in exercise performance (4.15 ± 0.35) compared to the placebo group (2.89 ± 0.76) (P = 0.04) . This increase in performance remained significant throughout the study even after accounting for baseline values, physical activity, and usual dietary intake. Furthermore, L-arginine supplementation had a significant impact on weight, BMI, BFM and LBM with values ​​of (68.31 ± 10.11), (22.30 ± 1.12), (14.07 ± 6, 99) or (54.67 ± 4.75). The p values ​​for these effects were (0.09), (0.02), (0.05), and (0.02), respectively. Overall, the results suggest that a daily intake of 4 g of L-arginine may increase the athletic performance of male track and field athletes and also impact various anthropometric measurements such as BMI, BFM and LBM.
The Effect of HIIT Exercises on Developing Leg Strength and Jump Shooting Accuracy in Handball Players U17
The aim of the research is to design HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) exercises to develop specific leg strength and the jump shooting skill in handball for youth players under 17 years old. The study also seeks to identify the impact of HIIT exercises on developing leg strength and jump shooting skills in youth handball players. The researcher adopted the experimental method with a one-group pre-test and post-test design, as it is the most suitable approach for the nature and objectives of the study. The research population consisted of youth handball players in Diyala Governorate, divided between Diyala Club and Khalis Club, with a total of 28 players, as shown in Table (1). The research sample was randomly selected through a lottery and included 12 players from Diyala Club, representing the experimental group, accounting for 42.85% of the total population. Additionally, the exercises positively influenced the accuracy and power of jump shooting, as the intense training, which simulates match conditions, helped improve neuromuscular coordination and increase players’ confidence when executing this skill. HIIT exercises are an effective means of developing these physical and technical aspects in a short period compared to traditional methods. The researcher recommends incorporating HIIT exercises regularly into training programs to enhance athletic performance, designing exercises according to the players' skill levels and individual needs, and ensuring the correct execution of exercises to prevent injuries and maximize benefits. These findings highlight that HIIT exercises are a powerful tool for developing essential physical and technical aspects in handball, particularly jump shooting skills.
The Effect of Resistance Exercises on Developing Some Components of Muscular Strength and Performing Some Technical Gymnastics Skills
Muscular strength is the most important physical element in all sports activities in general and in gymnastics in particular. Strength training using resistance has become one of the scientific methods used to develop strength and the first step towards practicing any sport. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design with a (pre-post) test. The research sample was deliberately selected from students who complained of clear weakness and inability to perform some artistic gymnastics skills, as indicated by the subject instructors. The sample is of (39) students. Only 10 students have been selected as the other 29students are excluded because 10of them participated in the exploratory experiment while the 19 students are excluded because they did not attend. The researcher also conducted homogeneity among the sample members using the coefficient of variation, assisted by some devices and tools to achieve the research objectives. The researcher hypothesized that the existence of statistically significant differences in some components of specific muscular strength between the pre- and post-tests of the research sample. The researcher has concluded that the resistance training is one of the most important methods for developing and enhancing muscular strength of all kinds. The researcher recommends the necessity of allocating a portion of the educational unit to weight training to contribute to meeting some of the requirements of skill performance.
The Effect of the Biggs Model on the Learning of Some Simple Offensive Skills in Foil Fencing for Students
The importance of this research lies in raising the level of simple offensive skill performance of fencers by relying on the Biggs Model to increase motivation to learn these difficult skills. The research problem was: Relying on educational models based on scientific foundations and derived from theories and strategies will certainly enhance the learning of difficult skills, such as offensive fencing skills. Accordingly, the main objective of the research is to identify the effect of the Biggs Model on the learning of some simple offensive skills in fencing using foil for students. The researcher has used the experimental approach to suit the research problem. The research population is third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. After identifying the research variables, an appropriate assessment was used. After applying the above educational model, it is concluded that following The Biggs model shows the importance in teaching students some simple offensive skills in foil fencing. The researcher recommended adopting the Biggs model because of its great importance in teaching students some simple offensive skills in foil fencing.
The Effect of High-Intensity Training on Arm Explosive Strength and Some Physiological Variables During the Special Preparation Period for National Basketball Team Players
The research aimed to identify the level of explosive power of the arms of the national basketball team players, identify the level of joint strength due to the physiological variables, and consider the development of explosive power in three time periods during the special preparation period for the national basketball team players. The research hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the three tests during the special preparation period to measure the explosive power of the arms, and there are statistically significant differences between the results of the three tests during the special preparation period to measure joint strength according to the physiological variables of the national basketball team players. The researcher adopts the descriptive approach using longitudinal follow-up studies, on a sample of (12) national basketball team players participating in the 2024/2025 sports season who have been intentionally selected. The physical test and joint strength tests are prepared according to laboratory physiological variables to measure each of (calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and blood sugar). Three measurements were made with the national team players in two-month special preparation period, a month before and a month after. The results were processed by the SPSS system. This concludes the stability of the non-improvement of the explosive power of the arms and also the non-decrease of cholesterol and blood sugar all related to joint strength according to the physiological variables during the special preparation period. The high intensity of explosive power training for the arms helped increase the stores of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus during the special preparation period. The researcher recommended that the training of the national basketball team players requires kind of coaches who should be familiar with certain knowledge about joint strength and food system to improve the explosive power of the arms. Moreover, for more important results and in addition to the instructions of energy preparations, they should include this knowledge in planning their training courses with the necessity of conducting periodical measurements.